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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still better than was expected.
The country is seeking an entirely new model of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend that is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and also made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced cedon, paper making block printing art styles, as well as a written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern part of the peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period, the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes forced them to join the army or to build fortifications.
By the end of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest part of the peninsula, and was at war with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be respected and obeyed by everyone, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form cist graves that were lined with stone, with valuable items like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from massive single stones, are also common throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not consider to be a proper Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period, its development paradigm seems to be changing. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, those who support the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears over potential job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. 에볼루션 사이트 examines the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development that include democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their beliefs to this population. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they didn't know what it meant. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea focused primarily on educating students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. The event attracted a large audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The event's success led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and received wide attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it published its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as several books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country at universities and churches.
One example of an KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were fascinated by creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created an organization of local branch offices that give seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from overseas. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other instruments of music.
Korea's new model of development is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and immigrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.